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/R57 6.97380 Tf 5.69414 -1.49492 Td [ (i) -0.19955 ] TJ /R51 9.96260 Tf 3.31680 1.49492 Td [ (\073) -167.78800 (x) -0.49992 ] TJ /R57 6.97380 Tf 10.12230 -1.49492 Td [ (j) -0.70017 ] TJ /R53 9.96260 Tf 4.19805 1.49492 Td [ (\051) -0.90181 ] TJ /R39 9.96260 Tf 30.88400 0 Td (\0501\051) Tj -224.63400 -34.04690 Td (where) Tj /R51 9.96260 Tf 26.45900 0 Td [ <12> -0.40006 ] TJ /R57 6.97380 Tf 4.67578 -1.49492 Td [ (i) -0.20042 ] TJ /R39 9.96260 Tf 5.43711 1.49492 Td (and) Tj /R51 9.96260 Tf 16.50590 0 Td [ <12> -0.39944 ] TJ /R57 6.97380 Tf 4.67695 -1.49492 Td [ (i) -0.19955 (j) -0.69842 ] TJ /R39 9.96260 Tf 9.13711 1.49492 Td (are) Tj /R49 9.96260 Tf 14.28400 0 Td (unary) Tj /R39 9.96260 Tf 25.36290 0 Td [ (terms) -213.00500 (and) ] TJ /R49 9.96260 Tf 40.76210 0 Td (pairwise) Tj /R39 9.96260 Tf 36.44100 0 Td [ (terms\056) -298.00900 (MRFs) ] TJ -183.74200 -11.95630 Td [ (are) -206.01600 (widely) -205.98200 (used) -205.99300 (in) -205.99300 (applications) -206.00200 (such) -207.01200 (as) -206.00400 (image) -205.99000 (se) 15.01960 (gmentation\054) ] TJ 11.95470 TL T* [ (stereo\054) -233.99200 (etc) -228.98300 (\133) ] TJ ET Q 0 1 0 rg q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 95.93980 117.39500 Tm (14) Tj ET Q 0 g q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 105.90200 117.39500 Tm (\054) Tj ET Q 0 1 0 rg q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 110.68400 117.39500 Tm (40) Tj ET Q 0 g q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 120.64700 117.39500 Tm [ (\135\056) -303.00900 (Unfortunately) -228.98600 (the) -229.99300 (MRF) -228.98100 (inference) -230.00800 (prob\055) ] TJ -70.53480 -11.95510 Td [ (lem) -249.98200 (is) -249.98400 (NP\055hard) -249.98200 (e) 25.01050 (v) 14.98280 (en) -249.99600 (when) ] TJ /R59 9.96260 Tf 107.78500 0 Td [ (j) -0.80011 (L) -0.69964 (j) -0.79889 ] TJ /R53 9.96260 Tf 15.17420 0 Td [ (\075) -278.78400 (2) ] TJ /R39 9.96260 Tf 17.98790 0 Td [ (\050i\056e\056) -309.98300 (binary) -249.98300 (labels\051) -249.98300 (\133) ] TJ ET Q 0 1 0 rg q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 269.95200 105.44000 Tm (22) Tj ET Q 0 g q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 279.91500 105.44000 Tm (\135\056) Tj -217.84800 -12.48520 Td [ (Man) 14.98950 (y) -396.98800 (algorithms) -398.00300 (in) 40.00560 (v) 20.00160 (olv) 14.99500 (e) -396.99700 (some) -397.01300 (kind) -397.01000 (of) -398.01000 (pre\055processing) ] TJ -11.95470 -11.95510 Td [ (phase) -287.00400 (that) -286.99600 (seeks) -287.00200 (to) -286.99900 (determine) -286.99000 (the) -287.00400 (v) 24.98110 (alue) -287.00800 (of) -287.98900 (a) -287.01600 (subset) -286.98600 (of) -287.00800 (v) 24.98110 (ari\055) ] TJ 258.75000 487.26800 Td [ (ables\054) -207.99200 (thus) -197.98400 (reducing) -197.99100 (the) -197.99900 (comple) 14.99750 (xity) -197.00100 (of) -198.00600 (the) -197.99600 (remaining) -198.01600 (combi\055) ] TJ 11.95630 TL T* [ (natorial) -294.01000 (search) -293.99500 (problem\056) -442.99500 (Pre\055processing) -294 (methods) -293.99500 (are) -294.98000 (com\055) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (monly) -230.00600 (used) -231.00800 (in) -229.98900 (conjunction) -229.99600 (with) -230.99600 (graph) -229.99100 (cuts\054) -233.98500 (a) -230.00600 (technique) -231 (that) ] TJ T* [ (achie) 25.01540 (v) 14.98280 (es) -275.01000 (strong) -274.98800 (performance) -275.01300 (on) -275.00300 (both) -274.98800 (binary) -274.99800 (and) -275.00800 (multilabel) ] TJ T* [ (MRF) -216.00300 (inference) -214.99100 (\133) ] TJ ET Q 0 1 0 rg q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 374.57500 520.44700 Tm (40) Tj ET Q 0 g q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 384.53800 520.44700 Tm [ (\135\056) -299.00900 (Graph) -215.01800 (cuts) -215.98800 (handle) -215.98800 (binary) -215.00800 (MRFs) -215.99800 (by) -215.99300 (re\055) ] TJ -75.67580 -11.95510 Td [ (duction) -278.00300 (to) -277 (min\055cut\054) -285.01900 (which) -276.99800 (is) -278.01700 (then) -278.01700 (solv) 15.00240 (ed) -277.01300 (via) -277.98300 <6d61782d036f> 25.00560 (w) -277.98800 (\050see) ] TJ 11.95510 TL (\133) ' ET Q 0 1 0 rg q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 312.18000 496.53700 Tm (3) Tj ET Q 0 g q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 317.16100 496.53700 Tm (\054) Tj ET Q 0 1 0 rg q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 321.59400 496.53700 Tm (9) Tj ET Q 0 g q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 326.57500 496.53700 Tm [ (\135) -194.99000 (for) -194.99000 (re) 25.00810 (vie) 24.98360 (ws\051\056) -291.00300 (The) -194.98200 (most) -194.99700 (widely) -195.00200 (used) -195.01600 (graph) -195.01600 (cut) -195.01600 (methods) ] TJ -17.71330 -11.95590 Td [ (for) -321.00800 (multi) 1.01944 (\055label) -320.99800 (MRFs) -321 (are) -319.99600 (mo) 14.99750 (v) 14.98280 (e\055making) -320.98100 (techniques\054) -337.99300 (which) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (generate) -398.01400 (a) -396.99700 (ne) 25.01540 (w) -398.01000 (proposal) -397.98800 (at) -398.00700 (each) -397.00200 (iteration) -397.98800 (and) -398.00700 (reduce) -398.01700 (the) ] TJ T* [ (multi\055label) -459.01400 (problem) -460.01400 (into) -458.99700 (a) -460.00700 (series) -459.01200 (of) -458.98200 (binary) -459.98700 (subproblems) ] TJ T* [ (\050should) -194.01700 (each) -192.99500 (v) 24.98110 (ariable) -194.00400 (stick) -193.98700 (with) -193.00200 (the) -193.99700 (old) -193.98700 (label) -193.99700 (or) -192.98700 (switch) -193.98200 (to) -193.99700 (the) ] TJ T* [ (proposed) -228.01600 (label\051) -229.01300 (and) -227.99600 (then) -227.98900 (solv) 15.00240 (ed) -228.98100 (by) -227.99100 <6d61782d036f> 25.00560 (w\057min\055cut\056) -303.00800 (Pop\055) ] TJ 11.95630 TL T* [ (ular) -291.00500 (algorithms) -289.98300 (in) -290.99800 (this) -290.98600 (f) 9.99588 (amily) -290.98100 (include) -290.01000 (e) 15.01220 (xpansion) -291.01500 (mo) 14.99750 (v) 14.98280 (es) -291.01000 (\133) ] TJ ET Q 0 1 0 rg q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 536.81600 424.80500 Tm (4) Tj ET Q 0 g q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 541.79800 424.80500 Tm (\135) Tj -232.93600 -11.95470 Td [ (and) -249.99300 (their) -249.98500 (generalization) -250.01200 (to) -249.98800 (fusion) -250.01200 (mo) 14.99750 (v) 14.98280 (es) -249.99700 (\133) ] TJ ET Q 0 1 0 rg q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 474.58000 412.85000 Tm (27) Tj ET Q 0 g q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 484.54300 412.85000 Tm (\135\056) Tj -163.72600 -12.38400 Td [ (The) -348.01500 (best) -346.98600 (kno) 24.99090 (wn) -348.01300 (pre\055processing) -347.02100 (methods) -347.98600 (are) -347.01100 (Dead) -347.98100 (End) ] TJ -11.95470 -11.95510 Td [ (Elimination) -349.01500 (\050DEE\051) -348.99600 (\133) ] TJ ET Q 0 1 0 rg q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 392.18900 388.51100 Tm (8) Tj ET Q 0 g q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 397.17100 388.51100 Tm [ (\135) -349.00300 (and) -348.99600 (QPBO) -349.00500 (\133) ] TJ ET Q 0 1 0 rg q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 455.19300 388.51100 Tm (3) Tj ET Q 0 g q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 460.17400 388.51100 Tm (\054) Tj ET Q 0 1 0 rg q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 466.14200 388.51100 Tm (21) Tj ET Q 0 g q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 476.10400 388.51100 Tm [ (\135\054) -374.01600 (b) 20.00160 (ut) -348.99100 (there) -349.98100 (are) -349.01000 (a) ] TJ -167.24200 -11.95510 Td [ (number) -296.00900 (of) -295.98700 (others) -296.99500 (\133) ] TJ ET Q 0 1 0 rg q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 384.12000 376.55600 Tm (18) Tj ET Q 0 g q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 394.08200 376.55600 Tm (\054) Tj ET Q 0 1 0 rg q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 399.52100 376.55600 Tm (24) Tj ET Q 0 g q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 409.48400 376.55600 Tm (\054) Tj ET Q 0 1 0 rg q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 414.92300 376.55600 Tm (25) Tj ET Q 0 g q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 424.88600 376.55600 Tm (\054) Tj ET Q 0 1 0 rg q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 430.32500 376.55600 Tm (35) Tj ET Q 0 g q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 440.28800 376.55600 Tm (\054) Tj ET Q 0 1 0 rg q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 445.72700 376.55600 Tm (36) Tj ET Q 0 g q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 455.69000 376.55600 Tm (\054) Tj ET Q 0 1 0 rg q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 461.13900 376.55600 Tm (39) Tj ET Q 0 g q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 471.10200 376.55600 Tm (\054) Tj ET Q 0 1 0 rg q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 476.54100 376.55600 Tm (42) Tj ET Q 0 g q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 486.50400 376.55600 Tm [ (\135\056) -448.98400 (\050Sim) 1.00964 (ilar) -297.00400 (ap\055) ] TJ -177.64200 -11.95510 Td [ (proaches) -245.99300 (are) -246.01000 (used) -245.98600 (for) -246 (other) -247.00800 (NP\055hard) -245.98300 (problems\054) -246.98300 (a) -246.00300 (prominent) ] TJ 11.95590 TL T* [ (e) 15.01220 (xample) -250.01700 (is) -249.98500 (Da) 19.99420 (vis\055Putnam\047) 54.98100 (s) -249.99300 (pure) -249.99700 (literal) -249.98300 (rule) -249.99300 (for) -249.99700 (SA) 111.02100 (T) -249.99300 (\133) ] TJ ET Q 0 1 0 rg q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 521.57300 352.64500 Tm (7) Tj ET Q 0 g q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 526.55400 352.64500 Tm (\135\056\051) Tj -205.73800 -12.38400 Td [ (The) -344.99600 (k) 10.00320 (e) 15.01220 (y) -344.01600 (weakness) -344.98900 (of) -344.99900 (such) -344.01100 (methods) -345.00600 (is) -344.98700 (that) -344.00600 (the) 14.98770 (y) -344.99600 (are) -345.01100 (in\055) ] TJ -11.95470 -11.95510 Td [ (herently) -223.98500 (conserv) 24.98600 (ati) 24.98600 (v) 14.98280 (e\054) -228.98400 (since) -223.99200 (the) 14.98770 (y) -223.99700 (only) -224.99700 (label) -223.99200 (v) 24.98110 (ariables) -223.99200 (whose) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (v) 24.98110 (alue) -273.99100 (can) -273.99600 (be) -275.01300 (determined) -274.00800 (in) -273.98400 (e) 25.01050 (v) 14.98280 (ery) -273.99800 (global) -274.98800 (minimum\056) -381.99000 (Y) 99.98820 (et) -275.00800 (the) ] TJ T* [ (MRFs) -412.00500 (that) -413.01400 (occur) -412.01200 (in) -411.99700 (computer) -411.98500 (vision) -412.99500 (are) -411.98000 (so) -412 (lar) 17.99700 (ge) -412.01000 (that) -413.01400 (in) ] TJ 11.95630 TL T* [ (practice) -351.98300 (we) -351.00300 (almost) -351.98500 (ne) 25.01540 (v) 14.98280 (er) -351.99000 (compute) -351.99500 (the) -350.99000 (actual) -352.01500 (global) -351.99500 (mini\055) ] TJ 11.95470 TL (mum\056) ' ET Q 1 0 0 rg q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 6.97380 Tf 1 0 0 1 331.83600 284.10100 Tm (1) Tj ET Q 0 g q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R39 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 341.58700 280.48600 Tm [ (As) -340.01200 (a) -339.00700 (result\054) -361.99800 (a) -339.98700 (pre\055processing) -338.98300 (step) -340.00700 (that) -338.98800 (is) -340.00700 (carefully) ] TJ -32.72500 -11.95510 Td [ (designed) -234.99500 (to) -235.00700 (ne) 25.01540 (v) 14.98280 (er) -234.98800 (prune) -233.99300 (the) -235.01000 (global) -234.99500 (minimum) -235 (is) -235.00500 (follo) 24.99580 (wed) -235.01500 (by) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (a) -327.98900 (search) -327.98900 (s) 0.98513 (tep) -328.01600 (that) -328.00900 (almost) -327.98900 (ne) 25.01540 (v) 14.98280 (er) -327.01400 <026e6473> -327.99400 (the) -328.01400 (global) -328 (minimum\056) ] TJ T* [ (Our) -233.01500 (fundamental) -232.99100 (observ) 24.99090 (ation) -233 (is) -233.00500 (that) -233.98500 (the) -233.01000 (pre\055processing) -233 (step) ] TJ T* [ (can) -361.98100 (be) -362.01800 (vie) 24.98360 (wed) -362.01600 (as) -362.01600 (a) -361.98400 <636c6173736902636174696f6e> -362.00800 (problem\054) -389.98400 (and) -362.01300 (that) -362.00300 (e) 15.01220 (xist\055) ] TJ 11.95590 TL T* [ (ing) -227.98400 (pre\055processing) -228.01800 (methods) -228.00600 (are) -228.01100 (designed) -228.01600 (to) -227.99100 (a) 19.99180 (v) 20.00160 (oid) -227.98200 (f) 9.99343 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