The Unreasonable Effectiveness of CLIP Features for Image Captioning: An Experimental Analysis

Manuele Barraco, Marcella Cornia, Silvia Cascianelli, Lorenzo Baraldi, Rita Cucchiara; Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops, 2022, pp. 4662-4670

Generating textual descriptions from visual inputs is a fundamental step towards machine intelligence, as it entails modeling the connections between the visual and textual modalities. For years, image captioning models have relied on pre-trained visual encoders and object detectors, trained on relatively small sets of data. Recently, it has been observed that large-scale multi-modal approaches like CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training), trained on a massive amount of image-caption pairs, provide a strong zero-shot capability on various vision tasks. In this paper, we study the advantage brought by CLIP in image captioning, employing it as a visual encoder. Through extensive experiments, we show how CLIP can significantly outperform widely-used visual encoders and quantify its role under different architectures, variants, and evaluation protocols, ranging from classical captioning performance to zero-shot transfer.