Exploring the Deep Fusion of Large Language Models and Diffusion Transformers for Text-to-Image Synthesis

Bingda Tang, Boyang Zheng, Sayak Paul, Saining Xie; Proceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference (CVPR), 2025, pp. 28586-28595

This paper does not describe a new method; instead, it provides a thorough exploration of an important yet understudied design space related to recent advances in text-to-image synthesis---specifically, the deep fusion of large language models (LLMs) with diffusion transformers (DiTs) for multimodal generation. Previous studies mainly focused on overall system performance rather than detailed comparisons with alternative methods, and key design details and training recipes were often left undisclosed. These gaps create uncertainty about the real potential of this approach. To fill these gaps, we conduct an empirical study on text-to-image generation, performing controlled comparisons with established baselines, analyzing important design choices, and providing a clear, reproducible recipe for training at scale. We hope this work offers meaningful data points and practical guidelines for future research in multimodal generation.