Multimodal Large Language Models as Image Classifiers

Nikita Kisel, Illia Volkov, Klara Janouskova, Jiri Matas; Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Findings, 2026, pp. 1711-1720

Multimodal Large Language Model (MLLM) classification performance depends critically on evaluation protocol and ground truth quality. Studies comparing MLLMs with supervised and Vision-Language Models (VLMs) report conflicting conclusions, and we show these conflicts stem from protocols that either inflate or underestimate performance. Across the most common evaluation protocols, we identify and fix key issues: model outputs that fall outside the provided class list and are discarded, inflated results from weak multiple-choice distractors, and open-world settings that underperform only due to poor output mapping. We additionally quantify the impact of commonly overlooked design choices, including batch size, image ordering, and text encoder selection, showing they substantially affect accuracy. Evaluating on ReGT, our multilabel reannotation of 625 ImageNet-1k classes, reveals that MLLMs benefit most from corrected labels (up to +10.8%), substantially narrowing the perceived gap with supervised models. Much of the reported MLLM underperformance on classification is thus an artifact of noisy ground truth and flawed evaluation protocol rather than genuine model deficiency. Models less reliant on supervised training signals prove most sensitive to annotation quality. Finally, we show that MLLMs can assist human annotators: in a controlled case study, annotators confirmed or integrated MLLM predictions in approximately 50% of difficult cases, demonstrating their potential for large-scale dataset curation. This work is part of the Aiming for Perfect ImageNet-1k project; see klarajanouskova.github.io/ImageNet.