Label Convergence: Defining an Upper Performance Bound in Object Recognition through Contradictory Annotations

David Eike Tschirschwitz, Volker Rodehorst; Proceedings of the Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), 2025, pp. 6848-6857

Annotation errors are a challenge not only during training of machine learning models but also during their evaluation. Label variations and inaccuracies in datasets often manifest as contradictory examples that deviate from established labeling conventions. Such inconsistencies when significant prevent models from achieving optimal performance on metrics such as mean Average Precision (mAP). We introduce the notion of "label convergence" to describe the highest achievable performance under the constraint of contradictory test annotations essentially defining an upper bound on model accuracy. Recognizing that noise is an inherent characteristic of all data our study analyzes five real-world datasets including the LVIS dataset to investigate the phenomenon of label convergence. We approximate that label convergence is between 62.63-67.52 mAP@[0.5:0.95:0.05] for LVIS with 95% confidence attributing these bounds to the presence of real annotation errors. With current state-of-the-art (SOTA) models at the upper end of the label convergence interval for the well-studied LVIS dataset we conclude that model capacity is sufficient to solve current object detection problems. Therefore future efforts should focus on three key aspects: (1) updating the problem specification and adjusting evaluation practices to account for unavoidable label noise (2) creating cleaner data especially test data and (3) including multi-annotated data to investigate annotation variation and make these issues visible from the outset.