Efficient Indexing of Billion-Scale Datasets of Deep Descriptors

Artem Babenko, Victor Lempitsky; Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2016, pp. 2055-2063

Abstract


Existing billion-scale nearest neighbor search systems have mostly been compared on a single dataset of a billion of SIFT vectors, where systems based on the Inverted Multi-Index (IMI) have been performing very well, achieving state-of-the-art recall in several milliseconds. SIFT-like descriptors, however, are quickly being replaced with descriptors based on deep neural networks (DNN) that provide better performance for many computer vision tasks. In this paper, we introduce a new dataset of one billion descriptors based on DNNs and reveal the relative inefficiency of IMI-based indexing for such descriptors compared to SIFT data. We then introduce two new indexing structures, the Non-Orthogonal Inverted Multi-Index (NO-IMI) and the Generalized Non-Orthogonal Inverted Multi-Index (GNO-IMI). We show that due to additional flexibility, the new structures are able to adapt to DNN descriptor distribution in a better way. In particular, extensive experiments on the new dataset demonstrate that these data structures provide considerably better trade-off between the speed of retrieval and recall, given similar amount of memory, as compared to the standard Inverted Multi-Index.

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[bibtex]
@InProceedings{Babenko_2016_CVPR,
author = {Babenko, Artem and Lempitsky, Victor},
title = {Efficient Indexing of Billion-Scale Datasets of Deep Descriptors},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
month = {June},
year = {2016}
}