Unified Multimodal Understanding via Byte-Pair Visual Encoding

Wanpeng Zhang, Yicheng Feng, Hao Luo, Yijiang Li, Zihao Yue, Sipeng Zheng, Zongqing Lu; Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2025, pp. 12976-12986

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made significant progress in vision-language understanding, yet effectively aligning different modalities remains a fundamental challenge. We present a framework that unifies multimodal understanding by applying byte-pair encoding to visual tokens. Unlike conventional approaches that rely on modality-specific encoders, our method directly incorporates structural information into visual tokens, mirroring successful tokenization strategies in text-only language models. We introduce a priority-guided encoding scheme that considers both frequency and spatial consistency, coupled with a multi-stage training procedure based on curriculum-driven data composition. These enhancements enable the transformer model to better capture cross-modal relationships and reason with visual information. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate improved performance across diverse vision-language tasks. By bridging the gap between visual and textual representations, our approach contributes to the advancement of more capable and efficient multimodal foundation models.