Prior2Posterior: Model Prior Correction for Long-Tailed Learning

S Divakar Bhat, Amit More, Mudit Soni, Surbhi Agrawal; Proceedings of the Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), 2025, pp. 1289-1298

Learning-based solutions for long-tailed recognition face difficulties in generalizing on balanced test datasets. Due to imbalanced data prior the learned a posteriori distribution is biased toward the most frequent (head) classes leading to an inferior performance on the least frequent (tail) classes. In general the performance can be improved by removing such a bias by eliminating the effect of imbalanced prior modeled using the number of class samples (frequencies). We first observe that the effective prior on the classes learned by the model at the end of the training can differ from the empirical prior obtained using class frequencies. Thus we propose a novel approach to accurately model the effective prior of a trained model using a posteriori probabilities. We propose to correct the imbalanced prior by adjusting the predicted a posteriori probabilities (Prior2Posterior: P2P) using the calculated prior in a post-hoc manner after the training and show that it can result in improved model performance. We present theoretical analysis showing the optimality of our approach for models trained with naive cross-entropy loss as well as logit adjusted loss. Our experiments show that the proposed approach achieves new state-of-the-art (SOTA) on several benchmark datasets from the long-tail literature in the category of logit adjustment methods. Further the proposed approach can be used to inspect any existing method to capture the effective prior and remove any residual bias to improve its performance post-hoc without model retraining. We also show that by using the proposed post-hoc approach the performance of many existing methods can be improved further.