Multi-Scale Grouped Prototypes for Interpretable Semantic Segmentation

Hugo Porta, Emanuele Dalsasso, Diego Marcos, Devis Tuia; Proceedings of the Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), 2025, pp. 2869-2880

Prototypical part learning is emerging as a promising approach for making semantic segmentation interpretable. The model selects real patches seen during training as prototypes and constructs the dense prediction map based on the similarity between parts of the test image and the prototypes. This improves interpretability since the user can inspect the link between the predicted output and the patterns learned by the model in terms of prototypical information. In this paper we propose a method for interpretable semantic segmentation that leverages multi-scale image representation for prototypical part learning. First we introduce a prototype layer that explicitly learns diverse prototypical parts at several scales leading to multi-scale representations in the prototype activation output. Then we propose a sparse grouping mechanism that produces multi-scale sparse groups of these scale-specific prototypical parts. This provides a deeper understanding of the interactions between multi-scale object representations while enhancing the interpretability of the segmentation model. The experiments conducted on Pascal VOC Cityscapes and ADE20K demonstrate that the proposed method increases model sparsity improves interpretability over existing prototype-based methods and narrows the performance gap with the non-interpretable counterpart models. Code is available at github.com/eceo-epfl/ScaleProtoSeg.