ZAHA: Introducing the Level of Facade Generalization and the Large-Scale Point Cloud Facade Semantic Segmentation Benchmark Dataset

Olaf Wysocki, Yue Tan, Thomas Froech, Yan Xia, Magdalena Wysocki, Ludwig Hoegner, Daniel Cremers, Christoph Holst; Proceedings of the Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), 2025, pp. 7637-7647

Facade semantic segmentation is a long-standing challenge in photogrammetry and computer vision. Although the last decades have witnessed the influx of facade segmentation methods there is a lack of comprehensive facade classes and data covering the architectural variability. In ZAHA we introduce Level of Facade Generalization (LoFG) novel hierarchical facade classes designed based on international urban modeling standards ensuring compatibility with real-world challenging classes and uniform methods' comparison. Realizing the LoFG we present to date the largest semantic 3D facade segmentation dataset providing 601 million annotated points at five and 15 classes of LoFG2 and LoFG3 respectively. Moreover we analyze the performance of baseline semantic segmentation methods on our introduced LoFG classes and data complementing it with a discussion on the unresolved challenges for facade segmentation. We firmly believe that ZAHA shall facilitate further development of 3D facade semantic segmentation methods enabling robust segmentation indispensable in creating urban digital twins.