Hybrid Proposal Refiner: Revisiting DETR Series from the Faster R-CNN Perspective

Jinjing Zhao, Fangyun Wei, Chang Xu; Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024, pp. 17416-17426

With the transformative impact of the Transformer DETR pioneered the application of the encoder-decoder architecture to object detection. A collection of follow-up research e.g. Deformable DETR aims to enhance DETR while adhering to the encoder-decoder design. In this work we revisit the DETR series through the lens of Faster R-CNN. We find that the DETR resonates with the underlying principles of Faster R-CNN's RPN-refiner design but benefits from end-to-end detection owing to the incorporation of Hungarian matching. We systematically adapt the Faster R-CNN towards the Deformable DETR by integrating or repurposing each component of Deformable DETR and note that Deformable DETR's improved performance over Faster R-CNN is attributed to the adoption of advanced modules such as a superior proposal refiner (e.g. deformable attention rather than RoI Align). When viewing the DETR through the RPN-refiner paradigm we delve into various proposal refinement techniques such as deformable attention cross attention and dynamic convolution. These proposal refiners cooperate well with each other; thus we synergistically combine them to establish a Hybrid Proposal Refiner (HPR). Our HPR is versatile and can be incorporated into various DETR detectors. For instance by integrating HPR to a strong DETR detector we achieve an AP of 54.9 on the COCO benchmark utilizing a ResNet-50 backbone and a 36-epoch training schedule. Code and models are available at https://github.com/ZhaoJingjing713/HPR.